Systems theory was not originally a business theory. Indeed, systems theory was proposed in the 1940s by biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, say Francis Heylighen and Cliff Joslyn in their article, ...

Any management system within an organization can be said to be "open" or "closed." An open systems interacts with other systems through the free passing of information, whereas closed systems operate ...

Open family systems are frequently modeled as inherently functional or healthy; however, systematic research and theoretical consideration of potentially dysfunctional patterns is lacking. Using an ...

This paper examines the context within which Presbyterian Church (USA) leaders formally decided to prohibit the ordination of openly gay and lesbian elders, deacons, and clergy. Data from resolutions ...